Answer:
D. a cation that has a smaller radius than the atom.
Explanation:
When electrons are removed from the outermost shell of a calcium atom, the atom becomes a cation that has a smaller radius than the atom.
First one, for instance they become conductors or insulators depending on the temperature!
For many solids dissolved in liquid water, the solubility increases with temperature. The increase in kinetic energy that comes with higher temperatures allows the solvent molecules to more effectively break apart the solute molecules that are held together by intermolecular attractions.
The answer would be D.) Nebula