As we move down the group, the metallic bond becomes more stable and the formation of forming covalent bond decreases down the group due to the large size of elements.
Covalent and metallic bonding leads to higher melting points. Due to a decrease in attractive forces from carbon to lead there is a drop in melting point.
Carbon forms large covalent molecules than silicon and hence has a higher melting point than silicon.
Similarly, Ge also forms a large number of covalent bonds and has a smaller size as compared to that of Sn. Hence melting point decreases from Ge to Sn.
The order will be C>Si>Ge>Pb>Sn.
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Complex compounds are broken down to simpler substances in catabolic reactions.
These kinds of reactions often occur in biological systems. In living organisms, complex compounds like lipids, proteins and complex sugar like cellulose are broken down into simpler forms. Products of these reactions are simple sugars, amino acids etc. but a certain amount of energy is also produced and stored in energy molecules for future use.
Answer:
The values for spin quantum number +1/2 and - 1/2
Explanation:
Principal quantum number denoted by (n) is used to describe the shell or orbits that electrons are found. Principal quantum number can assume a value of n= 1,2, 3, 4,5............ which indicates K, L, M, N, O shell respectively.
To know the maximum number of electrons in each shell, the formula (2n²) can be used. The letter 'n' denotes the values of principal quantum number 1,2,3,4
For example
- n=1 (K shell) has maximum number of 2 electrons
- n=2 (L shell) has the maximum number of 8 electrons
- n=3 (M shell) has the maximum number of 18 electrons
- n=4 (N shell) has the maximum number of 32 electrons
All the electron in each shell will have a spin quantum number of +1/2 and - 1/2. One electron in each degenerate orbital will spin up (+1/2) while the other electron will spin down (-1/2).
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