12 V is the f.e.m.

of the battery. The potential difference that is applied to the motor is actually the fem minus the voltage drop on the internal resistance r:

this is equal to the voltage drop on the resistance of the motor R:

so we can write:

and using

and

we can find the current I:
Answer:
Reflection involves a change in direction of waves when they bounce off a barrier. Refraction of waves involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another.
Answer:
Shorter string produces more frequency in two different strings because the equation for frequency is velocity/wavelength , this means that a shorter string creates a shorter wavelength which essentially increases the total frequency produced
Answer:
The average recoil force on the gun during that 0.40 s burst is 45 N.
Explanation:
Mass of each bullet, m = 7.5 g = 0.0075 kg
Speed of the bullet, v = 300 m/s
Time, t = 0.4 s
The change in momentum of an object is equal to impulse delivered. So,

For 8 shot burst, average recoil force on the gun is :

So, the average recoil force on the gun during that 0.40 s burst is 45 N.