Answer:
Percentage Yield is given as,
%age Yield = Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield × 100
This shows that the %age yield is directly depending upon the actual yield. And most of the time the percentage yield is less than 100 % because of the following factors.
Impure Starting Materials:
If the starting materials (reactants) are not pure then reaction will not completely form the desired product. Different by products will form which will decrease the %age yield.
Incomplete Reactions:
Not all reactions go to completion. In many reactions the starting material after some time stops forming the product due to different conditions. Some reactions attain equilibrium and stop increasing the amount of product. While, in some reactions a by products (like water) formed often react with the product to give a reverse reactions. Hence, the chemistry of reactions also causes the decrease in %age yield.
Handling:
Another major reason for decrease in yield is handling the product. Always some of the product is lost during the workup of the reaction like, taking TLC, doing solvent extraction, doing column chromatography, taking characterization spectrums. So, we can conclude that the %age yield will always be less than 100%.
The bond angles a and b are 120° respectively. The bond angle c is 111.4° .while the bond angle d is 120°. The bond angles e and f are 120° respectively.
In the carbonate ion, all the bond angles and bond lengths are equal hence three equivalent resonance structures can be drawn for the ion. All the bond angles, ( a and b) in carbonate ion all have bond angle of 120°.
The bond angle marked c in OCCl2 has a bond angle 111.4°, the bond angle marked d in the compound has the bond angle, 120°.
There are three bond angles present in the nitrate (NO3-) ion. Three resonance structures contribute to this bond. Based on these structures, the bond angles e and f in the molecule is 120°.
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27.6 - 22.3 = 5.3; you simply subtract the old density from the new density.
Pressure: when the external pressure is:
less than one atmosphere, the boiling point of the liquid is lower than its normal boiling point.
equal to one atmosphere, the boiling point of a liquid is called the normal boiling point.
greater than one atmosphere, the boiling point of the liquid is greater than its normal boiling point.
