The interaction between the two atoms of H in H2 with the lower energy corresponds to a covalent bond between hydrogen's.
When the two atoms of H form a bond, they are overlapping the individual orbitals to form a new one. Every hydrogen has 1 electron which sits in a 1s orbital and then form one molecular orbital. The energy of H2 is lower than individual hydrogens because the electrostatic interaction between them.
Answer:
a) IUPAC Names:
1) (<em>trans</em>)-but-2-ene
2) (<em>cis</em>)-but-2-ene
3) but-1-ene
b) Balance Equation:
C₄H₁₀O + H₃PO₄ → C₄H₈ + H₂O + H₃PO₄
As H₃PO₄ is catalyst and remains unchanged so we can also write as,
C₄H₁₀O → C₄H₈ + H₂O
c) Rule:
When more than one alkene products are possible then the one thermodynamically stable is favored. Thermodynamically more substituted alkenes are stable. Furthermore, trans alkenes are more stable than cis alkenes. Hence, in our case the major product is trans alkene followed by cis. The minor alkene is the 1-butene as it is less substituted.
d) C is not Geometrical Isomer:
For any alkene to demonstrate geometrical isomerism it is important that there must be two different geminal substituents attached to both carbon atoms. In 1-butene one carbon has same geminal substituents (i.e H atoms). Hence, it can not give geometrical isomers.
The given reaction is not spontaneous.
We must recognize changes in oxidation states that take place across elements in order to balance these equations. To accomplish this, keep in mind following guidelines:
A neutral element on its own has an oxidation number of zero.For a neutral molecule, the total number of oxidations must be zero.The net charge of an ion is equal to the sum of its oxidation numbers.In a compound: hydrogen prefers +1, oxygen prefers -2, fluorine prefers -1.In a compound with no oxygen present the other halogens will also prefer -1.
One of the mercury atoms is oxidized from +1 to +2 in the simple aqueous ion, for a loss of 1 electron.
Oxidation half-reaction:
→

The other mercury is reduced from +1 to zero in mercury metal, for a gain of 1 electron.
Reduction half-reaction:
→

This is a disproportionation redox reaction !
Net reaction:
→

The cell potential is negative so this reaction is NOT spontaneous.
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