Explanation:
Newton’s third law of motion states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. This indicates that forces always act in pairs. Reaction forces are equal and opposite, but they are not balanced forces because they act on different objects so they don’t cancel each other out.
To solve this problem it is necessary to apply the rules and concepts related to logarithmic operations.
From the definition of logarithm we know that,

In this way for the given example we have that a logarithm with base 10 expressed in the problem can be represented as,

We can express this also as,

By properties of the logarithms we know that the logarithm of a power of a number is equal to the product between the exponent of the power and the logarithm of the number.
So this can be expressed as

Since the definition of the base logarithm 10 of 10 is equal to 1 then

The value of the given logarithm is equal to 6
Answer: 7.53 μC
Explanation: In order to explain this problem we have to use the gaussian law so we have:
∫E.dS=Qinside/εo we consider a gaussian surface inside the conducting spherical shell so E=0
Q inside= 0 = q+ Qinner surface=0
Q inner surface= 1.12μC so in the outer surface the charge is (8.65-1.12)μC=7.53μC