<u>Answer:</u>
Carbon and silicon both are tetravalent elements as compared to germanium, tin, and lead which are divalent.
That's because Ge, tin, and Pb show inert pair effect and has a greater nuclear effective charge on the 's' electrons due to poor shielding effect. .That's why these elements are not able to share their valence electrons while carbon and silicon does and show "catenation" which is the ability to form long chain molecules.
Hydroxide ion is a strong and would react with H+ to form water
OH-+H+---->H2O
Seismic waves hope this helps.
The answer is 3). This is because elements are the simplest form of a substance, and cannot be broken down any further. Compounds on the other hand are much more complex than elements and can be broken down INTO elements.
For example, Na, sodium, is an element and cannot be broken down further. H2O, water, is a compound and can be broken down into Hydrogen and Oxygen.