Resonance, leaving group, carbonyl carbon delta+, and steric effect is the most crucial variables that affect the relative reactivity of a functional group containing a carbonyl in an addition or substitution process.
Discussion:
1. Carbonyl Carbon Delta+: The carbonyl group becomes more electrophilic and accelerates nucleophilic assault when the carbonyl carbon delta+ is bigger.
2. Resonance: When the carbonyl is transformed into the tetrahedral adduct, it may be lost. Loss of resonance increases the energy of the transition state for this nucleophilic assault because resonance has the function of stabilizing. Therefore, a carbonyl functional group's resistance to nucleophilic attack increases as resonance in the group increases in importance.
3. Leaving group: Tetrahedral adduct fragmentation is encouraged by a better LG.
4. Steric effects: The nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon is delayed when sterically impeded.
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Answer:
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Answer
A *single covalent bond* is formed by sharing one pair of valence electrons.They are less reactive comparatviely and have a high bond length
A *double covalent bond* is formed by sharing two pairs of valence electrons.They are moderately reactive and have moderate bond length.
A *triple covalent bond* is formed by sharing three pairs of valence electrons.They are highly reactive and have a low bond length.
The enthalpy of this reaction is -5315 KJ/mol.
The equation of the reaction is;
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) -----> 8CO2 (g) + 10H2O(g)
We know that the enthalpy of reaction can be obtained from the enthalpy of formation of the reactants and products as follows;
ΔHrxn = ΔHf(products) - ΔHf(reactants)
We have the following information from the question;
ΔHf C4H10 = - 125. 6 kJ/mol
ΔHf CO2 = - 393. 5 kJ/mol
ΔHf H2O = - 241. 82 kJ/mol
ΔHf O2 = 0 KJ/mol
Hence;
[(8 × (- 393. 5 )) + (10 × (- 241. 82))] - [2( - 125. 6))]
= -5315 KJ/mol
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