Express the oxidation state numerically (e.g., +1).
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Ions
In an ion, the sum of the oxidation states is equal to the overall ionic charge. Note that the sign of the oxidation states and the number of atoms associated with each oxidation state must be considered. In OH−, for example, the oxygen atom has an oxidation state of −2 and the hydrogen atom has an oxidation state of +1, for a total of (−2)+(+1)=−1.
Part C
What is the oxidation state of an individual phosphorus atom in PO33−?
Express the oxidation state numerically (e.g., +1).
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Part D
What is the oxidation state of each individual carbon atom in C2O42−?
Express the oxidation state numerically (e.g., +1).
Correct Answer: C<span>a(s) + 2H2O(ℓ) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Reason:
A reaction (</span>transmutation) is said to be spontaneous if it occurs on it's own, without any external stimulus. For spontaneous reaction, change in free energy (ΔG) is negative.
Among the given reactions, Ca(s) + 2H2O(ℓ) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) occurs on its own with supplying external energy. Hence, it is a spontaneous reaction. Further, it is an exothermic reaction. So during the reaction heat is given out by the system.
On other hand, reaction: <span>2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) is a decompostion reaction. For occurrence of reaction, heat has to be supplied to system. Hence, this reaction is non-spontaneous in nature. </span>
F₂ + 2 NaI → 2 NaF + I₂
<span>It is given that F₂ is light yellow / colorless in hydrocarbon solvent. The student combines Fluorine water with NaI in water. Then student adds pentane in the mixture of F₂ and NaI. After dissolution, solution was observed and a colorless pentane layer was seen. Alkanes are unreactive in nature. The C-H bond in alkane is difficult to break. whereas, F₂ is very reactive and reacts vigorously with alkanes in presence of light by free radical mechanism.It is given that the color of the solution is nearly colorless. F₂ when present in hydrocarbon solvent is light yellow/ colorless/ nearly colorless. Hence, F₂ is not reacting with hydrocarbon and there is no reaction taking place (No F</span>₂ is present<span>)</span>
Answer:
XY would have a higher melting point than NaCl.
Explanation:
The electrostatic force (F) between ions in an ionic lattice can be estimated using Coulomb's Law.
where,
k is the Coulomb's constant
q₁ and q₂ are the charges of the ions
r is the distance between the ions
X⁺⁺ and Y⁻⁻ are doubly charged with respect to Na⁺ and Cl⁻ so the force between them is 4 times the force between Na⁺ and Cl⁻. Since the force is stronger, it would require more energy to break it to take it to the liquid state, so a higher melting point is expected.
