Answer:
11.8.4 Distillation Columns
Distillation columns present a hazard in that they contain large inventories of flammable boiling liquid, usually under pressure. There are a number of situations which may lead to loss of containment of this liquid.
The conditions of operation of the equipment associated with the distillation column, particularly the reboiler and bottoms pump, are severe, so that failure is more probable.
The reduction of hazard in distillation columns by the limitation of inventory has been discussed above. A distillation column has a large input of heat at the reboiler and a large output at the condenser. If cooling at the condenser is lost, the column may suffer overpressure. It is necessary to protect against this by higher pressure design, relief valves, or HIPS. On the other hand, loss of steam at the reboiler can cause underpressure in the column. On columns operating at or near atmospheric pressure, full vacuum design, vacuum breakers, or inert gas injection is needed for protection. Deposition of flammable materials on packing surfaces has led to many fires on opening of distillation column for maintenance.
Another hazard is overpressure due to heat radiation from fire. Again pressure relief devices are required to provide protection.
The protection of distillation columns is one of the topics treated in detail in codes for pressure relief such as APIRP 521. Likewise, it is one of the principal applications of trip systems.
Another quite different hazard in a distillation column is the ingress of water. The rapid expansion of the water as it flashes to steam can create very damaging overpressures.
Two [hydrogen] atoms and one [oxygen] atom
Answer:
0.9612 g
Explanation:
First we <u>calculate how many moles are there in 3.00 g of CCl₃F</u>, using its <em>molar mass</em>:
- 3.00 g CCl₃F ÷ 137.37 g/mol = 0.0218 mol CCl₃F
Now, we need to calculate how many grams of N₂O would have that same number of molecules, or in other words, <em>the same amount of moles</em>.
Thus we <u>calculate how many grams would 0.0218 moles of N₂O weigh</u>, using the <em>molar mass of N₂O</em> :
- 0.0218 mol N₂O * 44.013 g/mol = 0.9612 g N₂O
Answer:
Explanation:
A supersaturated solution is unstable—it contains more solute (in this case, sugar) than can stay in solution—so as the temperature decreases, the sugar comes out of the solution, forming crystals. The lower the temperature, the more molecules join the sugar crystals, and that is how rock candy is created.
Answer:
Quantitative experiments show that 4.18 Joules of heat energy are required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C. Thus, a liter (1000g) of water that increased from 24 to 25°C has absorbed 4.18 J/g°C x 1000g x 1°C or 4180 Joules of energy.
