When a ray passes from air into glass the direction in which the light ray is travelling changes. The light ray appears to bend as it as it passes through the surface of the glass. ... This 'bending of a ray of light' when it passes from one substance into another substance is called refraction.
Answer:
Explanation:
Given
Initial Intensity of light is S
when an un-polarized light is Passed through a Polarizer then its intensity reduced to half.
When it is passed through a second Polarizer with its transmission axis 

here 


When it is passed through third Polarizer with its axis
to first but
to second thus 



When middle sheet is absent then Final Intensity will be zero
Answer : The volume of a sample of 4.00 mol of copper is 
Explanation :
First we have to calculate the mass of copper.


Now we have to calculate the volume of copper.
Formula used :

Now put all the given values in this formula, we get:


Conversion used :

Therefore, the volume of a sample of 4.00 mol of copper is 
Answer:
Wavelength,
Explanation:
The energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom can be calculated from the Bohr formula as :
.............(1)
Where
R is the Rydberg constant
n is the number of orbit
We need to find the wavelength of the line in the absorption line spectrum of hydrogen caused by the transition of the electron from an orbital with to an orbital with n₁ = 2 to an orbital with n₂ = 3.
Equation (1) can be re framed as :



or

So, the the wavelength of the line in the absorption line spectrum is 657 nm. Hence, this is the required solution.