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Chemistry

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Lubov Fominskaja [6]3 years ago

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musickatia [10]3 years ago

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An industrial chemist is studying the rate of the haber synthesis: n2 + 3h2 → 2nh3. starting with a closed reactor containing 1.

andre [41]

Haber process is the large scale manufacture of a ammonia by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen at a ratio of 1:3
Change in hydrogen concentration is 0.45 - 0.16 = 0.29 moles/l
Therefore, the average rate of reaction of hydrogen = 0.29 / 30 = 0.0096
= 0.0096 moles/liter/sec

3 0

3 years ago

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Write the Lewis structure for the following H20 So2

Tasya [4]

See the sketch attached.

<h3>Explanation</h3>

The Lewis structure of a molecule describes

the number of bonds it has,
the source of electrons in each bond, and
the position of any lone pairs of electrons.

Atoms are most stable when they have eight or no electrons in their valence shell (or two, in case of hydrogen.)

Each oxygen atom contains six valence electrons. It demands two extra electrons to be chemically stable.
Each sulfur atom contains six valence electrons. It demands two extra electrons to be chemically stable.
Each hydrogen atom demands one extra electron to be stable.

H₂O contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It would take an extra 2 + 2 × 1 = 4 electrons for all its three atoms are stable. Atoms in an H₂O would achieve that need by sharing electrons. It would form a total of 4 / 2 = 2 O-H bonds.

Each O-H bond contains one electron from oxygen and one from hydrogen. Hydrogen has no electron left. Oxygen has six electrons. Two of them have went to the two O-H bonds. The remaining four become 4 / 2 = 2 lone pairs. The lone pairs repel the O-H bonds. By convention, they are placed on top of the two H atoms.

Similarly, atoms in a SO₂ molecule demands an extra 2 × 2 + 2 = 6 electrons for its three atoms to become chemically stable. It would form 6 / 2 = 3 chemical bonds. Loops are unlikely in molecules without carbon. As a result, one of the two O atoms would form two bonds with the S atom while the other form only one.

Atoms are unstable with an odd number of valence electrons. The S atom in SO₂ would have become unstable if it contribute one electron to each of the three bond. It would end up with 3 × 2 + 3 = 9 valence electrons. One possible solution is that it contributes two electrons in one particular bond. One of the three bonds would be a coordinate covalent bond, with both electrons in that bond from the S atom. In some textbooks this type of bonds are also known as dative bonds.

Dots and crosses denotes the origin of electrons in a bond. Use the same symbol for electrons from the same atom. Electrons from the oxygen atoms O are shown in blue in the sketch. They don't have to be colored.