To rank the effective nuclear charge Z* experienced by a valence electrons of a set of atoms that belong to a same period, you only need to apply the rule of trend: it increases as you move from left to right in the period.
So, lets do it for these atoms: P, Al, Si, Cl
The belong to a same period and the order is Al, Si, P, Cl (just see a periodic table). So the rank is Al < Si < P < Cl
Now, lets do it for these atoms:, Be, Ne, O, C
They belong to the second period. The order is Be, C, O, Ne
So, the rank is Be < C < O < Ne.
Answer:
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<span>The strong bonds give graphite high boiling and melting points, while the weak bonds make graphite soft and flexible.</span>
1 Its low gravitational influence.
2 Its extremely faint, compared to all the other objects out there.
3 Its Size
