The answer is (2). If you recall Rutherford's gold foil experiment, remember that a stream of positively charged alpha particles were shot at a gold foil in the center of a detector ring. The important observation was that although most of the particles passed straight through the foil without being deflected, a tiny fraction of the alpha particles were deflected off the axis of the shot, and some were even deflected almost back to the point from which they were shot. The fact that some of the alpha particles were deflected indicated a positive charge (because same charges repel), and the fact that only a small fraction of the particles were deflected indicated that the positive charge was concentrated in a small area, probably residing at the center of the atom.
The answer is b
Explanation:
An isoelectronic series is where all of the ions listed have the same number of electrons in their atoms. When an atom has net charge of zero or neutral, it has equal number of protons and electrons. Hence, it means that the atomic number = no. of protons = no. of electrons. If these atoms become ions, they gain a net charge of + or -. Positive ions are cations. This means that they readily GIVE UP electrons, whereas negative ions (anions) readily ACCEPT electrons. So, to know which of these are isoelectronic, let's establish first the number of electron in a neutral atom from the periodic table:
Na=11; K=19; Rb=37; Cs = 55; Ca=20; S=16; Mg=12; Li=3; Be=4; B=5; C=6, Ar = 18
A. Na⁺: 11-1 = 10 electrons
K⁺: 19 - 1 = 18 electrons
Rb⁺: 37-1 = 36 electrons
B. K⁺: 19 - 1 = 18 electrons
Ca²⁺: 20 - 2 = 18 electrons
Ar: 18 electrons
S²⁻: 16 +2 = 18 electrons
C. Na⁺: 11-1 = 10 electrons
Mg²⁺: 12 - 2 = 10 electrons
S²⁻: 16 +2 = 18 electrons
D. Li=3 electrons
Be=4 electrons
B=5 electrons
C=6 electrons
The answer is letter B.
I think the answer is a, volume, but I still might be wrong.