Bohr model is valid only for hydrogen and hydrogen-like species, but quantum mechanical model can explain all elements....
The nuclear reactions which are under experimenter's control are said to be controlled nuclear reactions. In this, you can maintain the speed of the incident particle. α and β-decay process are examples of non-controlled nuclear reactions.
Answer:
This is an example of
(substitution nucleophilic bimolecular) reaction
Explanation:
Conversion of t-butyl alcohol to t-butyl bromide proceeds through
(substitution nucleophilic bimolecular)mechanism.
In the first step, -OH group in t-butyl alcohol gets protonated.
In the second step, stable tertiary carbocation (t-butyl cation) is produced by removal of
.
In the third step, bromide ion attacks to t-butyl cation and produces t-butyl bromide.
Removal of
from n-butyl alcohol will produce an unstable primary carbocation (n-butyl cation). Hence, to produce this unstable carboction, large amount of activation energy is required. Therefore, n-butyl alcohol gives much slower reaction with HBr.
Reaction mechanism has been shown below.
The particles cannot move around at all. The particles are, however, still in motion.