Answer:
When trying to determine the structure of a compound based on its molecular formula, you can use NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and IR (infrared) spectroscopy to help you identify the fragments of the molecule. (Once you identify these fragments, you can identify the molecule’s structure.)
All nuclear chemistry revolves around changing the identity of base elements.
The answer is the third statement.
Because nuclear chemistry is changing base elements' identities, the atomic number/number of protons is what is changing. While the number of electrons can change, your question is too general to know whether electrons are going to be gained, lost, or retained in the reaction.
Volcano experiment
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The concentration of Ca2+ ions is half that of the Cl- ions.