Weak winds that blow for short periods of time with a short fetch.
Parallel circuits allow current to flow even if some paths are cut, because a parallel circuit has more than one current-carrying path through it.
That's called "refraction".
The answer is carbon dioxide. This primordial earths’ atmosphere was composed by gasses from degassing of the earth's interior after its formation. It is after the beginning of life that oxygen levels began to rise and levels of carbon dioxide began to reduce in the atmosphere (as a result of photosynthesis).
