An orbital that penetrates into the region occupied by core electrons is less shielded from nuclear charge than an orbital that does not penetrate and therefore has a lower energy.
Explanation:
The only true statement from the given options is that "an orbital that penetrates into the region occupied by core electrons is less shielded from nuclear charge than an orbital that does not penetrate and therefore has a lower energy." Inner orbitals which are also known to contain core electrons feels the bulk of the nuclear pull on them compared to the outermost orbitals containing the valence electrons.
- The nuclear pull is the effect of the nucleus pulling and attracting the electrons in orbitals.
- This pull is stronger for inner orbitals and weak on the outer ones.
- The outer orbitals are said to be well shielded from the pull of the nuclear charge.
- Also, based on the quantum theory, electrons in the outer orbitals have higher energies because they occupy orbitals at having higher energy value.
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The substance doesn't have a specific name. We just say that that substance is being reduced. Remember this mnemonic - OILRIG where "Oxidation is Loss, Reduction is Gain" of electrons.
Lithium gives up electrons
2KClO3 --> 2KCl + 3O2
3 moles of oxygen are produced when 2 mol of potassium chlorate (KClO3) decompose.
