Answer:
See whole explanation to understand
Explanation:
the reason why there is such a large jump from 2nd to 3rd ionization energy for calcium is because to remove the third electron, a larger amount of energy is required, since the shell is closer to the nucleus, and higher attraction exists between them. This is why the second ionization energy is 1125.4 and then the third IE is 4912.4 which is a very big difference. It's all about the elections and energy!!
Answer:
1. Covalent bonds can form between two nonmetal atoms.
2. Covalent bonds can form between atoms of the same element.
3. Covalent bonds can form between atoms of different elements.
Explanation:
I hope this helps u! :D
Explanation:
Answer : The current passing between the electrodes is, 
Explanation :
First we have to calculate the charge of sodium ion.

where,
q = charge of sodium ion
n = number of sodium ion = 
e = charge on electron = 
Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:

Now we have to calculate the charge of chlorine ion.

where,
q' = charge of chlorine ion
n = number of chlorine ion = 
e = charge on electron = 
Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:

Now we have to calculate the current passing between the electrodes.



Thus, the current passing between the electrodes is, 
Don’t really understand what you’re asking but, if you’re asking how to read a graduated cylinder:
Look at the graduated cylinder at eye level, find the meniscus, whatever the meniscus is at is your answer.