The group of atoms that is responsible for the characteristic properties of a family of organic compounds is called a <u>functional</u> group.
Functional groups are groups of one or extra atoms with exclusive chemical homes regardless of what's connected to them. The atoms of practical agencies are certain via covalentbonds with one another and with the relaxation of the molecule.
Functional groups include:
hydroxyl,
methyl,
carbonyl,
carboxyl,
amino, phosphate,
sulfhydryl.
An atom or institution of atoms that replaces hydrogen in a natural compound that defines the shape of a family of compounds and determines the properties of the family.
I would say the last one because unlike beta and alpha rays they will have no effect on the mass or atomic number because they are just composed of high energy radiation