Resonance, leaving group, carbonyl carbon delta+, and steric effect is the most crucial variables that affect the relative reactivity of a functional group containing a carbonyl in an addition or substitution process.
Discussion:
1. Carbonyl Carbon Delta+: The carbonyl group becomes more electrophilic and accelerates nucleophilic assault when the carbonyl carbon delta+ is bigger.
2. Resonance: When the carbonyl is transformed into the tetrahedral adduct, it may be lost. Loss of resonance increases the energy of the transition state for this nucleophilic assault because resonance has the function of stabilizing. Therefore, a carbonyl functional group's resistance to nucleophilic attack increases as resonance in the group increases in importance.
3. Leaving group: Tetrahedral adduct fragmentation is encouraged by a better LG.
4. Steric effects: The nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon is delayed when sterically impeded.
Quantum numbers of the outermost electron in potassium:
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.
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Either .
Explanation:
Refer to the electron configuration of a potassium atom. The outermost electron in a ground-state potassium atom is in the orbital (fourth orbital.)
The quantum number (the principal quantum number) specifies the main energy shell of an electron. This electron is in the fourth main energy shell (as seen in the number four in the orbital.) Hence, for this electron.
The quantum number (the angular momentum quantum number) specifies the shape (, , , etc.) of an electron. for orbitals (such as the one that contains this electron.
Quantum numbers and specify the shape of an orbital. On the other hand, the magnetic quantum number specifies the orientation of these orbitals in space.
However, orbitals are spherical. Regardless of the value of , the only possible value for electrons in orbitals is .
The spin quantum number distinguishes between the two electrons in an orbital. The two possible values of are and . Typically, the first electron in an orbital is assigned an upward () spin, which corresponds to .