Explanation:
I remember that notation! The expression

is the 1st law of thermodynamics and it refers to the heat supplied to the system dQ which is also a change in its internal energy dU. The first term is the <u>partial</u> derivative of the internal energy U with respect to temperature T while the volume V is kept constant, as denoted by the subscript V. The 2nd term is similar but this time, temperature is kept constant while its volume partial derivative is being taken.
Ah, memories!
The answer is the third one down. New evidence may contradict the old evidence of a certain theory.
Atoms ere electrically neutral because they have equal number of protons and electrons. If an atom lose or gain one or more electrons it becomes an ion.