Answer:
Upward
Explanation:
For charged particles immersed in an electric field:
- if the particle is positively charged, the direction of the force is the same as the direction of the electric field
- if the particle is negatively charged, the direction of the force is opposite to the direction of the electric field
In this problem, we have an electron - so a negatively charged particle - so the direction of the force is opposite to that of the electric field.
Since the electric field is directed downward, therefore, the electric force on the electron will be upward.
Answer:
<em>If the Universe holds enough matter, including dark matter, the combined gravitational attraction of everything will gradually halt this expansion and precipitate the ultimate collapse. Over time, galaxies, then individual stars, will smash into each other more frequently, killing off any life on nearby planets.</em>
Lighter molecules move fast and escape from the upper atmosphere relatively quickly.
To find the answer, we have to know more about the lighter isotopes.
<h3>
What are lighter isotopes?</h3>
- Lighter molecules are mobile and soon leave the higher atmosphere.
- A particular element's stable isotopes have slightly different atomic masses and quantum mechanical energies.
- The lighter isotope of an element's chemical bonds are more easily broken than the heavier isotope's.
- As a result, the light isotope typically benefits from chemical reactions.
Thus, we can conclude that, lighter molecules move fast and escape from the upper atmosphere relatively quickly.
Learn more about the isotopes here:
brainly.com/question/364529
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