In order to calculate the percentage composition of a certain element, certain steps are followed: 1- You get the the molar mass of the component you wish to find its percentage in units of gm/mole. 2- You then get the molar of the whole given compound 3- You the divide the molar mass of the desired component by the total molar mass of the compound and then multiply the output by 100 to get the percentage. As you can see, calculating the percentage is dependent on the mass and not the volume
You can increase the validity of an experiment by controlling more variables, improving measurement technique, increasing randomization to reduce sample bias, blinding the experiment, and adding control or placebo groups.
Ionic bonds form only between metals and nonmetals. That's because metals “want” to give up electrons, and nonmetals “want” to gain electrons. It takes energy to remove valence electrons from an atom and form a positive ion
