The question just basically explained what happens
Answer:The frequency of the echo is slightly decreased
Explanation:
Given
speed of boat 
cliff is
away
when boat is still , suppose t is the time taken by the echo to reach observer on the boat
But as soon as boat starts moving the distance between cliff and boat decreasing and time for echo to reach observer also decreases
and we know 
therefore frequency of the echo slightly decreased.
Answer:
Energy. They need energy.
Explanation:
Answer:
The farther star will appear 4 times fainter than the star that is near to the observer.
Explanation:
Since it is given that the luminosity of the 2 stars is same thus they radiate the same energy per unit time
Consider a spherical wave front of energy 'E' that leaves both the stars (Both radiate 'E' as they have same luminosity)
This Energy is spread over the whole surface area of sphere Thus when the wave front is at a distance 'r' the energy per unit surface area is given by

For the star that is twice away from the earth the distance is '2r' thus we will receive an energy given by
Hence we sense it as 4 times fainter than the nearer star.
Answer:
The speed of light is that medium is 281907786.2 m/s.
Explanation:
since the critical angle is Фc = 430, we know that the refractive index is given by:
n = 1/sin(Фc)
= 1/sin(430)
= 1.06
then if n is the refractive index of the medium and c is the speed of light, then the speed of light in the medium is given by:
v = c/n
= (3×10^8)/(1.06)
= 281907786.2 m/s
Therefore, the speed of light is that medium is 281907786.2 m/s.