b) law of conservation of energy
Answer:
3 e⁻ transfer has occurred.
Explanation
This is a redox reaction.
- Oxidation (loss of electrons or increase in the oxidation state of entity)
- Reduction (gain of electrons or decrease in the oxidation state of the entity)
- An element undergoes oxidation or reduction in order to achieve a stable configuration. It can be an octet or duplet configuration. An octet configuration is that of outer shell configuration of noble gas.
- [Ne]= (1s²) (2s² 2p⁶)
A combination of both the reactions( Half-reactions) leads to a redox reaction.
Let us look at initial configurations of Al and Cl
[Al]= 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹
[Cl]= 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵
Hence, Al can lose 3 electrons to achieve octet config.
and, Cl can gain 1e to achieve nearest noble gas config. [Ar]
This reaction can be rewritten, by clearly mentioning the oxidation states of all the entities involved.
Al⁰ + Cl⁰ → (Al⁺³)(Cl⁻)₃
Here, Aluminum is undergoing an oxidation(i.e loss of electrons) from: 0→(+3)
Chlorine undergoes a reduction half reaction (i.e gain of electrons) from: 0→(-1). There are 3 such chlorine atoms, hence 3 e⁻ transfer has occurred.
Answer: 1. Vinegar, used in the kitchen, is a liquid containing 3-6% acetic acid. It is used in pickles and in many food preparations.
2. Lemon and orange juice contains citric acid. Citric acid is used in the preparation of effervescent salts and as a food preservative.
3. Acids have been put to many uses in industry. Nitric acid and sulphuric acid are used in the manufacture of fertilizers, dyes, paints, drugs and explosives.
4. Sulphuric acid is used in batteries, which are used in cars, etc. Tannic acid is used in the manufacture of ink and leather.
5. Hydrochloric acid is used to make aqua regia, which is used to dissolve noble metals such as gold and platinum.
6. Sulphuric acid is used in manufacturing fertilizers such as super phosphate, ammonium sulpahte etc.
Yes, anything with carbonate, hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) at the end is a carbonate.
Examples:NaHCO3 (Sodium hydrogen carbonate or Sodium bicarbonate)Na2CO3 (Sodium carbonate)
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