In neutralization reactions, a base and an acid react to form an ionic salt and water. There is a rule that when a strong base and a strong acid react, the pH of their salt is always neutral which is at pH 7. However, this is only true if equal amounts of acid and base are consumed and that there is no excess. Otherwise, the excess acidity or basicity will adjust the total pH.
Strong acids are the following: HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, HClO3, HNO3 and H2SO4. Strong bases are KOH, LiOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2. Therefore, we can already establish that both of the reactants are strong. The complete reaction is
HBr + KOH ⇒ KBr + H₂O
So, 1 mole of HBr would require 1 mol of KOH, and vice versa. Let'scompute the amount of the initial reactants:
mol HBr: (0.25 mol/L)*(0.92 L) = 0.23 mol HBr
mol KOH: (0.5 mol/L)*(0.46 L) = 0.23 mol KOH
There are equal amounts of acid and base. Thus, pH of the KBr solution is neutral at pH 7.
Answer:
Oxygen Doesn't change
However, Li is oxidized (0 to +1), Na is reduced (+1 to 0)
Explanation:
On reactant side, Oxygen has -2 oxidation charge because we know common oxidation states such as oxygen -2, hydrogen +1 etc.
So NaOH, O is -2, H is +1, so Na has to be +1 to equal total charge of compound
In product side, LiOH, again O has to be -2, H is +1, so Li +1 as well..
We see that oxygen oxidation state doesn't change. However, for Li it becomes oxidized going from 0 to +1 whereas, Na is reduced going from +1 to 0.
AB(aq)+C >A +CB(aq)
hope this helps
Answer:
11.8.4 Distillation Columns
Distillation columns present a hazard in that they contain large inventories of flammable boiling liquid, usually under pressure. There are a number of situations which may lead to loss of containment of this liquid.
The conditions of operation of the equipment associated with the distillation column, particularly the reboiler and bottoms pump, are severe, so that failure is more probable.
The reduction of hazard in distillation columns by the limitation of inventory has been discussed above. A distillation column has a large input of heat at the reboiler and a large output at the condenser. If cooling at the condenser is lost, the column may suffer overpressure. It is necessary to protect against this by higher pressure design, relief valves, or HIPS. On the other hand, loss of steam at the reboiler can cause underpressure in the column. On columns operating at or near atmospheric pressure, full vacuum design, vacuum breakers, or inert gas injection is needed for protection. Deposition of flammable materials on packing surfaces has led to many fires on opening of distillation column for maintenance.
Another hazard is overpressure due to heat radiation from fire. Again pressure relief devices are required to provide protection.
The protection of distillation columns is one of the topics treated in detail in codes for pressure relief such as APIRP 521. Likewise, it is one of the principal applications of trip systems.
Another quite different hazard in a distillation column is the ingress of water. The rapid expansion of the water as it flashes to steam can create very damaging overpressures.
