The middle or centre of the Earth is the core. However the middle of the layers from the surface to the centre of the Earth is known as mantle.
Momentum is (mass) times (speed), so nothing that is at rest has any momentum. If the battleship is at rest, then a mosquito in flight, a leaf falling from a tree, and your speedy baseball each have more momentum than the ship has.
There are 8 electrons in the third energy level of Calcium atom.
The equation you use is Ke = 1/2mv^2. when you plug in the numbers that are given you get Ke= 1/2(4)(2^2) which gives you a Kinetic Energy of 8