Answer is: <span>D)194 kJ/mol, exothermic
</span>ΔHreaction = ∑(product bond energies) - ∑(reactant bond energies).
∑(product bond energies) = ΔHreaction + ∑(reactant bond energies).
ΔHreaction must be negative (exothermic) if ∑(product bond energies) is positive.
∑(product bond energies) = -1352 kJ/mol + <span>1546 kJ/mol.
</span>∑(product bond energies) = 194 kJ/mol.
∑ is summation.
The powder catches fire. The rest of the choices pertains to physical changes on the powder. When the powder catches fire a chemical change happens. For example, if the powder is organic, carbon dioxide and water will result during the combustion.
HBr and HF are both monoprotic Arrhenius acids—that is, in aqueous solution, they dissociate and ionize to give hydrogen ions. A strong acid ionizes completely; a weak acid ionizes partially.
In this case, HBr, being a strong acid, would ionize completely in water to yield H+ and Br- ions. However, HF, being a weak acid, would ionize only to a limited extent: some of the HF molecules will ionize into H+ and F- ions, but most of the HF will remain undissociated.
pH is, by definition, a measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution (pH = -log[H+]). A higher concentration of hydrogen ions gives a lower pH, while a lower concentration of hydrogen ions gives a higher pH. At 25 °C, a pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution; a pH less than 7 indicates an acidic solution; and a pH greater than 7 indicates a basic solution.
If we have equal concentrations of HBr and HF, then the HBr solution will have a greater concentration of hydrogen ions in solution than the HF solution. Consequently, the pH of the HBr solution will be less than the pH of the HF solution.
Choice A is incorrect: Strong acids like HBr dissociate completely, not partially.
Choice B is incorrect: While the initial concentration of HBr and HF are the same, the H+ concentration in the HBr solution is greater. Since pH is a function of H+ concentration, the pH of the two solutions cannot be the same.
Choice C is correct: A greater H+ concentration gives a lower pH value. The HBr solution has the greater H+ concentration. Thus, the pH of the HBr solution would be less than that of the HF solution.
Choice D is incorrect for the reason why choice C is correct.
