List the following bonds in order of increasing polarity (ionic character). Give the electronegativity values for each atom to j
ustify your answer. Write each bond next to the entry below using the chemical symbol for each element, and use an arrow to show any polarity. A: carbon-sulfur B: chlorine - chlorine C: fluorine – hydrogen D: silicon - oxygen
The polarity of a bond increases with the increase in the difference in electronegativity. The dipole moment is represented with an arrow pointing the more electronegative atom.
A: carbon-sulfur
C - S
ΔEN = |EN(C) - EN(S)| = |2.5 - 2.5| = 0
B: chlorine - chlorine
Cl - Cl
ΔEN = |EN(Cl) - EN(Cl)| = |3.0 - 3.0| = 0
C: fluorine – hydrogen
F ← H
ΔEN = |EN(F) - EN(H)| = |4.0 - 2.1| = 1.9
D: silicon - oxygen
Si → O
ΔEN = |EN(Si) - EN(O)| = |1.8 - 3.5| = 1.7
The order of increasing polarity is A = B < D < C.
Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water ruptures one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and fragmentation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.
