The rate of photosynthesis was measured by counting the amount of oxygen, a product of photosynthesis, generated by the plant. When the plant placed closer to the light source in a given time it generated more bubbles than when it was placed farther away from the light source.
In late 18th century, people wore rubber soled shoes called plimsolls, but they weren't the best sneakers. Around 1892, a US company named Keds started sneakers with a canvas top and rubber soles. By 1917, these were mass produced.
Shale actually forms in the part of the rock cycle called compaction.
Changes to genes can affect the phenotypic traits of an organism, making them look differently.