Answer:
because the gravity of the earth
Answer: 8Ω
Explanation:
Since there are two resistors of 4Ω
connected in series, the total resistance (Rtotal) of the circuit is the sum of each resistance.
i.e Rtotal = R1 + R2
R1 = 4Ω
R2 = 4Ω
Rtotal = ?
Rtotal = 4Ω + 4Ω
Rtotal = 8Ω
Thus, the total resistance of the circuit is 8Ω
The object's speed will not change.
In fact, after the astronaut throws the object, no additional forces will act on it (since the object is in free space). According to Newton's second law:

where the first term is the resultant of the forces acting on the body, m is the mass of the object and a its acceleration, we see that if no forces act on the object, then the acceleration is zero. Therefore, the acceleration of the object is zero, and its velocity remains constant.
Sovereignty is a political concept that refers to dominant power or supreme authority.
Explanation:
Sovereignty is an attribute of states that is both an idea and a reality of state power. It is one of the means, an important one, by which the government of a state seeks to ensure the best it possibly can for its people. As such, it also changes over time.