Troposphere, this is the layer of the atmosphere closest to the earths crust.
Answer : Option 1) nuclei of 
and nuclei of 
only.
Explanation : Radiation is spontaneously emitted from nuclei of 
because this isotope of hydrogen is highly radioactive as compared to other isotopes of hydrogen namely; nuclei of and nuclei of .
They have much stable nucleus as compared to nuclei of .
The more it is unstable the more radiations will be emitted from its nucleus.
Answer:
V₂ = 0.6 V.
Explanation:
- We can use the general law of ideal gas: <em>PV = nRT.</em>
where, P is the pressure of the gas in atm.
V is the volume of the gas in L.
n is the no. of moles of the gas in mol.
R is the general gas constant,
T is the temperature of the gas in K.
- If n is constant, and have different values of P, V and T:
<em>(P₁V₁T₂) = (P₂V₂T₁).</em>
<em></em>
V₁ = V, P₁ = P, T₁ = T.
V₂ = ??? V, P₂ = 1.25 P, T₂ = 0.75 T.
<em>∴ V₂ = (P₁V₁T₂)/(P₂T₁) =</em> (P)(V)(0.75 T)/(1.25 P)(T)<em> = 0.6 V.</em>
Fire transfers heat by CONVECTION, meaning some heat rises, and FALL, meaning some heat goes out in every directions.
Hope that helps!!!
