Atoms in covalent bonds do combine so as to be stable. As covalent bond consist non metals e.g O2 in this example each atom has vacance of 2 orbitals/ electrons so shairing electrons result their stability
Answer:
Vinegar is acidic => acetic acid (HC₂H₃O₂)
Explanation:
Vinegar consists of acetic acid (HC₂H₃O₂), water and trace amounts of other chemicals, which may include flavorings. The concentration of the acetic acid is variable. Distilled vinegar contains 5-8% acetic acid.
Explanation:
It is given that aluminium nitrate and calcium chloride are mixed together with sodium phosphate.
And,
Let us assume that the solubility be "s". And, the reaction equation is as follows.

s = 
Also, 

s = 
This means that first, aluminium phosphate will precipitate.
Now, we will calculate the concentration of phosphate when calcium phosphate starts to precipitate out using the
expression as follows.
![K_{sp} = [Ca^{2+}]^{3}[PO^{3-}_{4}]^{2}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=K_%7Bsp%7D%20%3D%20%5BCa%5E%7B2%2B%7D%5D%5E%7B3%7D%5BPO%5E%7B3-%7D_%7B4%7D%5D%5E%7B2%7D)
![2.0 \times 10^{-29} = (0.016)^{3}[PO^{3-}_{4}]^{2}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=2.0%20%5Ctimes%2010%5E%7B-29%7D%20%3D%20%280.016%29%5E%7B3%7D%5BPO%5E%7B3-%7D_%7B4%7D%5D%5E%7B2%7D)
![2.0 \times 10^{-29} = 4.096 \times 10^{-6} \times [PO^{3-}_{4}]^{2}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=2.0%20%5Ctimes%2010%5E%7B-29%7D%20%3D%204.096%20%5Ctimes%2010%5E%7B-6%7D%20%5Ctimes%20%5BPO%5E%7B3-%7D_%7B4%7D%5D%5E%7B2%7D)
= 
=
M
Similarly, calculate the concentration of aluminium at this concentration of phosphate as follows.

![K_{sp} = [Al^{3+}][PO^{3-}_{4}]](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=K_%7Bsp%7D%20%3D%20%5BAl%5E%7B3%2B%7D%5D%5BPO%5E%7B3-%7D_%7B4%7D%5D)
![9.84 \times 10^{-21} = [Al^{3+}] \times 2.21 \times 10^{-12}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=9.84%20%5Ctimes%2010%5E%7B-21%7D%20%3D%20%5BAl%5E%7B3%2B%7D%5D%20%5Ctimes%202.21%20%5Ctimes%2010%5E%7B-12%7D)
M
Thus, we can conclude that concentration of aluminium will be
M when calcium begins to precipitate.