Answer:

Explanation:
By Snell's law we know at the left surface




now we have


now on the other surface we know that
angle of incidence = 

so again we have

so we have


also we know that


By solving above equation we have

It expands due to heat and makes it easier to open the jar.<span />
Answer:
Mutual inductance, 
Explanation:
(a) A toroidal solenoid with mean radius r and cross-sectional area A is wound uniformly with N₁ turns. A second thyroidal solenoid with N₂ turns is wound uniformly on top of the first, so that the two solenoids have the same cross-sectional area and mean radius.
Mutual inductance is given by :

(b) It is given that,


Radius, r = 10.6 cm = 0.106 m
Area of toroid, 
Mutual inductance, 

or

So, the value of mutual inductance of the toroidal solenoid is
. Hence, this is the required solution.
Answer:
when the ground is very hot and the air is cool.
Explanation:
The hot earth warms a layer of air right above the ground. Light is refracted as it passes through the cool air and onto the hot air sheet (bent). A coating of very warm air near the earth bends the light from the sky almost into a U-shaped bend.