Answer: any non-living thing
Explanation: abiotic means non-living
According to the illustration, the vanadium (V) oxide would be a catalyst.
<h3>What are catalysts?</h3>
Catalysts are substances that are utilized in reactions that are not themselves consumed in reactions but only speed up the rate of the reactions.
Catalysts speed up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants.
Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur trioxide. The vanadium (v) oxide is not consumed in the reaction. Thus it only serves as a catalyst.
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Homogeneous mixture because it contains the same properties as homogeneous
Actually, it could indeed be the independent variable.
Half-life is the time taken for the concentration of the substance to reduce by 50%. The original sample of strontium had a mass of 1.6 gms. Thus, option d is correct.
<h3>What is half-life?</h3>
The half-life of any radioactive substance is the time period at which the concentration will get reduced to half the initial amount. The initial mass of Sr-90 is calculated as,

Given,
Quantity of the remaining substance N (t) = 0.40 gm
Initial radioactive substance quantity
=?
Time duration (t) = 56 years
Half-life = 28 years
Substituting values above:

= 1.6 gm
Therefore, option d. the initial mass of Sr is 1.6 gm.
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