The next scientific step is to collect data to test her Hypothesis.
Step by step solution :
standard deviation is given by :

where,
is standard deviation
is mean of given data
n is number of observations
From the above data, 
Now, if
, then 
If
, then 
if
, then 
If
, then 
If
, then 
so, 



No, Joe's value does not agree with the accepted value of 25.9 seconds. This shows a lots of errors.
According to Boyle’s law, For a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature, P (pressure) and V (volume) are inversely proportional.
Therefore,

Given
,
and
.
Thus,

Answer:
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Explanation:
To solve this problem we will apply the linear motion kinematic equations. From the definition of the final velocity, as the sum between the initial velocity and the product between the acceleration (gravity) by time, we will find the final velocity. From the second law of kinematics, we will find the vertical position traveled.

Here,
v = Final velocity
= Initial velocity
g = Acceleration due to gravity
t = Time
At t = 4s, v = -30m/s (Downward)
Therefore the initial velocity will be


Now the position can be calculated as,

When it has the ground, y=0 and the time is t=4s,


Therefore the cliff was initially to 41.6m from the ground