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horsena [70]
3 years ago
5

Summarize ocean acidification in one sentence.

Physics
1 answer:
Snowcat [4.5K]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

The ocean absorbs a significant portion of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human activities, equivalent to about one-third of the total emissions for the past 200 years from fossil fuel combustion, cement production and land-use change (Sabine et al., 2004). Uptake of CO2 by the ocean benefits society by moderating the rate of climate change but also causes unprecedented changes to ocean chemistry, decreasing the pH of the water and leading to a suite of chemical changes collectively known as ocean acidification. Like climate change, ocean acidification is a growing global problem that will intensify with continued CO2 emissions and has the potential to change marine ecosystems and affect benefits to society.

The average pH of ocean surface waters has decreased by about 0.1 unit—from about 8.2 to 8.1—since the beginning of the industrial revolution, with model projections showing an additional 0.2-0.3 drop by the end of the century, even under optimistic scenarios (Caldeira and Wickett, 2005).1 Perhaps more important is that the rate of this change exceeds any known change in ocean chemistry for at least 800,000 years (Ridgewell and Zeebe, 2005). The major changes in ocean chemistry caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 are well understood and can be precisely calculated, despite some uncertainty resulting from biological feedback processes. However, the direct biological effects of ocean acidification are less certain

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1 “Acidification” does not mean that the ocean has a pH below neutrality. The average pH of the ocean is still basic (8.1), but because the pH is decreasing, it is described as undergoing acidification.

Page 2

Suggested Citation:"Summary." National Research Council. 2010. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12904. ×

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and will vary among organisms, with some coping well and others not at all. The long-term consequences of ocean acidification for marine biota are unknown, but changes in many ecosystems and the services they provide to society appear likely based on current understanding (Raven et al., 2005).

In response to these concerns, Congress requested that the National Research Council conduct a study on ocean acidification in the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006. The Committee on the Development of an Integrated Science Strategy for Ocean Acidification Monitoring, Research, and Impacts Assessment is charged with reviewing the current state of knowledge and identifying key gaps in information to help federal agencies develop a program to improve understanding and address the consequences of ocean acidification (see Box S.1 for full statement of task). Shortly after the study was underway, Congress passed another law—the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring (FOARAM) Act of 2009—which calls for, among other things, the establishment of a federal ocean acidification program; this report is directed to the ongoing strategic planning process for such a program.

Although ocean acidification research is in its infancy, there is already growing evidence of changes in ocean chemistry and ensuing biological impacts. Time-series measurements and other field data have documented the decrease in ocean pH and other related changes in seawater chemistry (Dore et al., 2009). The absorption of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in seawater (quanti-

Explanation:

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At t =0 one toy car is set rolling on a straight track with intial position 17.0 cm , intial velocity -3 cm/s, and constant acce
Katena32 [7]

Answer:

a) 5.65 s

b) 5cm/s

c) They will pass each other at both 1.1168 s and 5.84s

d)15.084cm and 38.7 cm

Explanation:

For part A, you need to keep in mind that acceleration is the rate of change of velocity per unit of time. For a constant acceleration, this can be told in this way:

a = \frac{v - v_o}{t}

Reordering this equation, we can get v in terms of the initial velocity, the acceleration, and the time elapsed:

v = at + v_o

Now, we can get the expressions for velocity of each toy car, and equalize them:

v_1 =a_1t + v_o_1\\v_2 =a_2t + v_o_2\\v_1 = v2\\a_1t +v_o_1 =a_2t + v_o_2\\(a_1 - a_2)t = v_o_2 - v_o_1\\t = \frac{v_o_2 - v_o_1}{a_1 - a_2} = \frac{5cm/s - (-3cm/s)}{2.3 cm/s^2 - 0 cm/s^2}= 3.47 s

As toy car has no acceleration and, therefore, constant speed, both car will have the same speed when toy car 1 reaches this velocity = 5cm/s

c) The position of car 1, as it follows a constant acceleration motion, is given by this equation:

x_1 = \frac{1}{2}a_1t^2 + v_o_1t + x_o_1

The position for car 2, as it has constant velocity, is given by this equation:

x_2 = v_2t + x_o_2

We equalize both equation to find the time where the cars pass each other:

x_1 = x_2\\\frac{1}{2}a_1t^2 + v_o_1t + x_o_1 = v_2t+x_o_2\\\frac{1}{2} a_1t^2 + (v_o_1 - v_2)t + x_o_1 - x_o_2 = 0\\\frac{1}{2}2.3m/s^2t^2 +(-3cm/s-5cm/s)t+ 17cm - 9.5cm = 0\\1.15t^2 -8t + 7.5 = 0 | a = 1.15, b = -8, c = 7.5\\t = \frac{-b +-\sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a} = 5.84s | 1.1168 s

The car will pass each other at both 1.1168s and 5.84s.

For the positions, we solve any of the position equation with the solutions:

x = v_2*t + x_o_2 = 5cm/s *5.84s + 9.5cm = 38.7 cm\\x = 5cm/s * 1.1168s + 9.5cm = 15.084 cm

4 0
3 years ago
Which of the following statements is an accurate description of sound transmission through various mediums?
klio [65]
The answer is D. Sound insulators prevent sound from being transmitted better than elastic solids because sound insulators basically muffle and block the sound waves.

5 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Where is each subatomic particle is found in an atom
Ronch [10]
Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, a dense central core in the middle of the atom, while the electrons are located outside the nucleus.
7 0
3 years ago
A 0.144 kg baseball is moving towards home plate with a speed of 43.0 m/s when it is bunted. the bat exerts an average force of
Ganezh [65]

As per impulse momentum theorem we know that

F\Delta t = m(v_f - v_i)

now here we will have

F = 6.50 \times 10^3 N

t = 1.30 ms

m = 0.144 kg

v_i = -43 m/s

now we need to find final speed using above formula

(6.50 \times 10^3)(1.30 \times 10^{-3}) = 0.144 ( v_f - (-43))

v_f = 15.7 m/s

so final speed is given as above

6 0
3 years ago
Unpolarized light with an intensity of 655 W / m2 is incident on a polarizer with an unknown axis. The light then passes through
Norma-Jean [14]

Answer:

1.\theta=29.84^{0}

2.\theta=60.15^{0}

Explanation:

Polarizes axis can create two possible angles with the vertical.

first we have to find the intensity of  first polarizer

which is given as

I=\frac{I_{0} }{2}

I= \frac{655\frac{W}{M^{2} } }{2}

I=327.5\frac{W}{m^{2} }

For a smaller angle for the first polarizer:

According to Malus Law

I_{2} =I_{1} Cos^{2}(90^{0} - \theta)

I_{2} =I_{1} sin^{2}\theta

\frac{I_{2} }{I_{1} }=Sin^{2}\theta

taking square root on both sides

\sqrt{\frac{163}{327.5} } = sin\theta

\theta=Sin^{-1}(0.4977)

\theta=29.84^{0}

For a larger angle for the first polarizer:

According to Malus Law

I_{2} =I_{1} cos^{2}\theta

\frac{I_{2} }{I_{1} }=Cos^{2}\theta

taking square root on both sides

\sqrt{\frac{163}{327.5} } = cos\theta

\theta=Cos^{-1}(0.4977)

\theta=60.15^{0}

7 0
3 years ago
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