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Orlov [11]
2 years ago
7

An important consideration in materials physics is the number of defects that are unavoidable due to statistical considerations.

Defects influence structural, electronic and optical properties. The equilibrium statistical physics of defects in a material can be modeled as a collection of N two-state systems. Every atomic site can be either, (a) occupied with an atom, in which case its energy is zero, or (b) occupied by a defect, in which case its energy is e. The formation energy (€) is the energy needed to remove an atom from the regular lattice position to an interstitial position, from which it diffuses out of the crystal
(a) Determine the partition function for this system, in terms of N, E, and T.
(b) What is the Helmholtz free energy (F) and the internal energy (U) for a sample of N atoms?
(c) What is the average number of defects, in terms of N, E, and T?
(d) Assume the formation energy is 1 eV. If you have a collection of spherical copper nanocrystals with a radius of 50 nm at room temperature, what is the minimum number of nanocrystals that you would need in a sample before you could expect (on average) that only one of them would have a single defect and the others would be defect free?

Physics
1 answer:
goblinko [34]2 years ago
8 0

Answer:

Explanation:

find attached the solution

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Most cars have a coolant reservoir to catch radiator fluid that may overflow when the engine is hot. A radiator is made of coppe
alexandr402 [8]

Answer:

0.699 L of the fluid will overflow

Explanation:

We know that the change in volume ΔV = V₀β(T₂ - T₁) where V₀ = volume of radiator = 21.1 L, β = coefficient of volume expansion of fluid = 400 × 10⁻⁶/°C

and T₁ = initial temperature of radiator = 12.2°C and T₂ = final temperature of radiator = 95.0°C

Substituting these values into the equation, we have

ΔV = V₀β(T₂ - T₁)

= 21.1 L × 400 × 10⁻⁶/°C × (95.0°C - 12.2°C)

= 21.1 L × 400 × 10⁻⁶/°C × 82.8°C = 698832 × 10⁻⁶ L

= 0.698832 L

≅ 0.699 L = 0.7 L to the nearest tenth litre

So, 0.699 L of the fluid will overflow

6 0
3 years ago
What measures the distance between two consecutive crests of a wave?
aleksley [76]
The answer is d. Wavelength
4 0
3 years ago
superman is flying 54.5 m/s when he sees a train about to fall into a river 850 m away . he must reach the train in 4.22 s
IRISSAK [1]

Answer:

What is the question?

Explanation:

8 0
3 years ago
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Answer:

I would shout fore help if I was being raped or try to make him or her stop

6 0
2 years ago
In this case, lithium would be classified as a(n)
Black_prince [1.1K]

Lithium is to be considered as an ION

Atom is defined as its natural state where it will have all its electrons present in its shell

Since in this case Lithium is giving its electron so after giving the electron it will become an ion

Compound is the combination of two or more different atoms

Molecules is the combination of same type of atoms

So here answer must be

<em>C) ion</em>

5 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
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