An important consideration in materials physics is the number of defects that are unavoidable due to statistical considerations.
Defects influence structural, electronic and optical properties. The equilibrium statistical physics of defects in a material can be modeled as a collection of N two-state systems. Every atomic site can be either, (a) occupied with an atom, in which case its energy is zero, or (b) occupied by a defect, in which case its energy is e. The formation energy (€) is the energy needed to remove an atom from the regular lattice position to an interstitial position, from which it diffuses out of the crystal
(a) Determine the partition function for this system, in terms of N, E, and T.
(b) What is the Helmholtz free energy (F) and the internal energy (U) for a sample of N atoms?
(c) What is the average number of defects, in terms of N, E, and T?
(d) Assume the formation energy is 1 eV. If you have a collection of spherical copper nanocrystals with a radius of 50 nm at room temperature, what is the minimum number of nanocrystals that you would need in a sample before you could expect (on average) that only one of them would have a single defect and the others would be defect free?
(a) Determine the partition function for this system, in terms of N, E, and T.
(b) What is the Helmholtz free energy (F) and the internal energy (U) for a sample of N atoms?
(c) What is the average number of defects, in terms of N, E, and T?
(d) Assume the formation energy is 1 eV. If you have a collection of spherical copper nanocrystals with a radius of 50 nm at room temperature, what is the minimum number of nanocrystals that you would need in a sample before you could expect (on average) that only one of them would have a single defect and the others would be defect free?
1 answer:
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a) Sketches of all possible pv-diagrams for the cycle are attached below
b) The work W for the process Ca is : 2462.8 J
<u>Given data :</u>
Amount of heat flowing out = 800 J
Ta = 200 K
Tb = 300 K
R = 800
<u>B) Determine the </u><u>work W </u><u>for the process</u><u> Ca</u><u> </u>
Wₐs = -pdv
= - [ pVb - pVa ] ---- ( 1 )
note : pVb = nRTb , pVa = nRTa
Equation ( 1 ) becomes
= -nR [ Tb - Ta ]
= - 2(8.314 ) [ 300 - 200 ]
= - 1662.87
given that W = 0 which is isochonic
dv = 0 ( cyclic process ) = d∅ - dw
∴ 0 = 800 - ( Wₐs + W )
Therefore : W = 800 + 1662.8 = 2462.8 J
Hence we can conclude that the work W for the process Ca = 2462.8 J
Learn more about Pv diagrams : brainly.com/question/25401637
<em>F</em> = 153 N
Explanation:
Let us define first our directional convention. Anything pointing up or to the right is considered positive and anything pointing down or to the left is considered negative. Now let's look at the components and
:
= 350 N - 200 N = 150 N
= 180 N - 150 N = 30 N
The magnitude of the resultant force <em>F</em> is given by
To find the direction , we use
or