An important consideration in materials physics is the number of defects that are unavoidable due to statistical considerations.
Defects influence structural, electronic and optical properties. The equilibrium statistical physics of defects in a material can be modeled as a collection of N two-state systems. Every atomic site can be either, (a) occupied with an atom, in which case its energy is zero, or (b) occupied by a defect, in which case its energy is e. The formation energy (€) is the energy needed to remove an atom from the regular lattice position to an interstitial position, from which it diffuses out of the crystal
(a) Determine the partition function for this system, in terms of N, E, and T.
(b) What is the Helmholtz free energy (F) and the internal energy (U) for a sample of N atoms?
(c) What is the average number of defects, in terms of N, E, and T?
(d) Assume the formation energy is 1 eV. If you have a collection of spherical copper nanocrystals with a radius of 50 nm at room temperature, what is the minimum number of nanocrystals that you would need in a sample before you could expect (on average) that only one of them would have a single defect and the others would be defect free?
(a) Determine the partition function for this system, in terms of N, E, and T.
(b) What is the Helmholtz free energy (F) and the internal energy (U) for a sample of N atoms?
(c) What is the average number of defects, in terms of N, E, and T?
(d) Assume the formation energy is 1 eV. If you have a collection of spherical copper nanocrystals with a radius of 50 nm at room temperature, what is the minimum number of nanocrystals that you would need in a sample before you could expect (on average) that only one of them would have a single defect and the others would be defect free?
1 answer:
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Answer:
Explanation:
Given:
mass of the wire,
length of the wire,
current in the wire,
Now form the Lorentz force we know that every current carrying wire experiences a magnetic force on it due to the magnetic field components perpendicular to it.
Mathematically given as:
here: we nee to balance the gravitational force on the mass.
magnetic field
This magnetic field must be perpendicular to the direction of current in the wire and the these two directional quantities must lie in a plane normal to the direction of gravity according to the Fleming's left hand rule.