An important consideration in materials physics is the number of defects that are unavoidable due to statistical considerations.
Defects influence structural, electronic and optical properties. The equilibrium statistical physics of defects in a material can be modeled as a collection of N two-state systems. Every atomic site can be either, (a) occupied with an atom, in which case its energy is zero, or (b) occupied by a defect, in which case its energy is e. The formation energy (€) is the energy needed to remove an atom from the regular lattice position to an interstitial position, from which it diffuses out of the crystal
(a) Determine the partition function for this system, in terms of N, E, and T.
(b) What is the Helmholtz free energy (F) and the internal energy (U) for a sample of N atoms?
(c) What is the average number of defects, in terms of N, E, and T?
(d) Assume the formation energy is 1 eV. If you have a collection of spherical copper nanocrystals with a radius of 50 nm at room temperature, what is the minimum number of nanocrystals that you would need in a sample before you could expect (on average) that only one of them would have a single defect and the others would be defect free?
(a) Determine the partition function for this system, in terms of N, E, and T.
(b) What is the Helmholtz free energy (F) and the internal energy (U) for a sample of N atoms?
(c) What is the average number of defects, in terms of N, E, and T?
(d) Assume the formation energy is 1 eV. If you have a collection of spherical copper nanocrystals with a radius of 50 nm at room temperature, what is the minimum number of nanocrystals that you would need in a sample before you could expect (on average) that only one of them would have a single defect and the others would be defect free?
1 answer:
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The acceleration of the runner in the given time is 2.06m/s².
Given the data in the question;
Since the runner begins from rest,
- Initial velocity;
- Final velocity;
- Time elapsed;
Acceleration of the runner;
Velocity is the speed at which an object moves in a particular direction.
Acceleration is simply the rate of change of the velocity of a particle or object with respect to time. Now, we can see the relationship from the First Equation of Motion
Where v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, a is acceleration and t is time elapsed.
To determine the acceleration of the runner, we substitute our given values into the equation above.
Therefore, the acceleration of the runner in the given time is 2.06m/s².
Learn more about Equations of Motion: brainly.com/question/18486505