The appropriate term is latent heat. This energy is released as the water changes state from a gas to liquid....a liquid to solid etc. the latent heat is either absorbed or given off by the water as it changes its physical state. Latent heat of fusion is associated with freezing a liquid or melting a solid.
The image is missing (however it's not necessary to solve the problem).
The correct answer is A) decreases, because the gravitational force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. In fact, the magnitude of the gravitational force between two object of mass M and m, at a distance d one from each other, is

where G is the gravitational constant. As can be seen from the formula, if the distance d between the two object increases, the intensity of the force decreases.