Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid with a structure of HCOOH and has a pka of 3.75. The pka refers to the acidity of the molecule, which in this example refers to the molecules ability to give up the proton of the O-H. A decrease in the pka value corresponds to an increase in acidity, or an increase in the ability to give up a proton. When an acid gives up a proton, the remaining anionic species (in this case HCOO-) is called the conjugate base, and an increase in the stability of the conjugate base corresponds to an increase in acidity.
The pka of a carboxylic can be affected greatly by the presence of various functional groups within its structure. An example of an inductive effect changing the pka can be shown with trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH. This molecule has a pka of 0.7. The decrease in pka relative to formic acid is due to the presence of the Cl3C- group, and more specifically the presence of the chlorine atoms. The electronegative chlorine atoms are able to withdraw the electron density away from the oxygen atoms and towards themselves, thus helping to stabilize the negative charge and stabilize the conjugate base. This results in an increase in acidity and decrease in pka.
The same Cl3CCOOH example can be used to explain how dipoles can effect the acidity of carboxylic acids. Compared to standard acetic acid, H3CCOOH with a pka of 4.76, trichloroacetic acid is much more acidic. The difference between these structures is the presence of C-Cl bonds in place of C-H bonds. A C-Cl bond is much more polar than a C-H bond, due the large electronegativity of the chlorine atom. This results in a carbon with a partial positive charge and a chlorine with a partial negative charge. In the conjugate base of the acid, where the molecule has a negative charge localized on the oxygen atoms, the dipole moment of the C-Cl bond is oriented such that the partial positive charge is on the carbon that is adjacent to the oxygen atoms containing the negative charge. Therefore, the electrostatic attraction between the positive end of the C-Cl dipole and the negative charge of the anionic oxygen helps to stabilize the entire species. This level of stabilization is not present in acetic acid where there are C-H bonds instead of C-Cl bonds since the C-H bonds do not have a large dipole moment.
To understand how resonance can affect the pka of a species, we can simply compare the pka of a simple alcohol such as methanol, CH3OH, and formic acid, HCOOH. The pka of methanol is 16, suggesting that is is a very weak acid. Once methanol gives up that proton to become the conjugate base CH3O-, the charge cannot be stabilized in any way and is simply localized on the oxygen atom. However, with a carboxylic acid, the conjugate base, HCOO-, can stabilize the negative charge. The lone pair electrons containing the charge on the oxygen atom are able to migrate to the other oxygen atom of the carboxylic acid. The negative charge can now be shared between the two electronegative oxygen atoms, thus stabilizing the charge and decreasing the pka.
Answer:
Explanation:
Hydrogen bonding:-
Hydrogen bonding is a special type of the dipole-dipole interaction and it occurs between hydrogen atom that is bonded to highly electronegative atom which is either fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen atom.
Partially positive end of the hydrogen atom is attracted to partially negative end of these atoms which is present in another molecule. It is strong force of attraction between the molecules.
Thus, hydrogen must be linked to electronegative atom which is oxygen, fluorine and nitrogen which is in and thus, it will shown hydrogen bonding.
Answer:
Explanation:
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In this case, it is possible to propose an energy balance in order to illustrate how the heat released by the reaction is absorbed by the water:
Thus, since the heat released by the reaction is -112 kJ (-112000 J), it is possible to define the hear absorbed by the water in terms of mass, specific heat and temperature change:
In such a way, it is possible to define the final temperature as shown below:
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Answer:
B
Explanation:
Homogeneous= all particles are dissolved thoroughly
Solute= 1 gram of salt
Solvent= 500 mL water
Answer:
44.9g
Explanation:
You have to convert grams of CH4 to moles, use the mole-to-mole ratio of CH4 to water, and convert back to grams.
(20.0g CH4)(1 mol CH4/16.04g)(2 mol H2O/1 mol CH4)(18.01 g H2O/ 1 mol) = 44.9127 g
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