<span>Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height. ... The term also applies to the refraction of sound.</span>
Answer: 6.24 km
Explanation:
Given
The magnitude of the first vector(say) 
the magnitude of the second vector(say) 
the angle between them is 
The resultant vector magnitude is given by


Explanation:
It is given that, a long, straight wire is surrounded by a hollow metal cylinder whose axis coincides with that of the wire.
The charge per unit length of the wire is
and the net charge per unit length is
.
We know that there exist zero electric field inside the metal cylinder.
(a) Using Gauss's law to find the charge per unit length on the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinder. Let
are the charge per unit length on the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinder.
For inner surface,



For outer surface,



(b) Let E is the electric field outside the cylinder, a distance r from the axis. It is given by :


Hence, this is the required solution.
Assume the snow is uniform, and horizontal.
Given:
coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.10 = muK
weight of sled = 48 N
weight of rider = 660 N
normal force on of sled with rider = 48+660 N = 708 N = N
Force required to maintain a uniform speed
= coefficient of kinetic friction * normal force
= muK * N
= 0.10 * 708 N
=70.8 N
Note: it takes more than 70.8 N to start the sled in motion, because static friction is in general greater than kinetic friction.