The "sub shells" are the orientations and shapes for your orbitals, going in order by Shells are a collection of subshells with the same principle quantum number, and subshells are a collection of orbitals with the same principle quantum number and angular momentum quantum number. Hope this helps :)
<span>In crystallography, the terms crystal system, crystal family, and lattice system each refer to one ... In total there are seven crystal systems: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, ..... A polar crystal possess a "unique" axis (found in no other directions) such ... lattices in three dimensions; each can apply in one lattice system only.</span><span>
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Answer:
Experiments to determine mechanisms involve looking at indirect evidence to help support or disprove a proposed mechanism.
Most intermediates are not typically isolated to determine reaction mechanisms.
Carbocations are very reactive and are typically not isolated for analysis.
Scientists can prove that a specific mechanism exists.
Evidence of intermediates sometimes can be seen using techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Explanation:
The study of reaction mechanism and chemical kinetics often form the main thrust of study in organic, inorganic and physical chemistry.
We often want to know the actual processes involved in the conversion of one specie to another. Unfortunately, this information may have to be obtained indirectly by certain chemical reactions or by the use of new instrumental methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Many organic reactions have carbocation intermediates. These carbocations are relatively short-lived and are transient intermediates which are rarely isolated unless they are isolated in a molecular cage using a macromolecule or in superacids.
By intensive study, scientists can proof or disprove the authenticity of any proposed mechanism.
We must know that a transition state has partial bonds. It is often an extremely short-lived specie which cannot be isolated.
The anode is the negative electrode and so will be donating electrons to assist in this chemical reaction occuring. All reactions accept electrons as reactants. The key issue is the reduction potential Eo (+1.8V). This is greatest for the reaction:
Co3+ + e -> Co2+
Therefore this reaction has the greatest tendency to occur.
