A person standing on the moon watching the earth rotate
Basically, the temperature is a result of the average kinetic energy of all the atoms comprising the solid/liquid/gas. In solid, these atoms can just vibrate in place, leaving them to only be able to conduct and radiate heat. However, as you probably know liquids and solids take the shape of their container because the bonds between atoms are loose enough to allow them to freely move around. Due to each individual atom having its own energy, and these atoms being free to move about the liquid/gas they collide with other atoms in the substance. These collisions result in a transfer of energy. Finally, lower energy atoms "sink" and higher energy atoms "rise" thus creating a "convection current".
The momentum of two or more objects during collisions is not lost nor gained
Given:
The magnitude of each charge is q1 = q2 = 1 C
The distance between them is r = 1 m
To find the force when distance is doubled.
Explanation:
The new distance is

The force can be calculated by the formula

Here, k is the constant whose value is

On substituting the values, the force will be

Explanation:
The gravitational force equation is the following:

Where:
G = Gravitational constant = 
m1 & m2 = the mass of two related objects
r = distance between the two related objects
The problem gives you everything you need to plug into the formula, except for the gravitational constant. Let me know if you need further clarification.