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3 years ago

Explain the laws of thermodynamics and why they matter.

1 answer:

7 0

Following are the laws of thermodynamics, with suitable example.

1st Law of thermodynamics:
1st law of thermodynamics deals with conservation of energy. It is stated as ' energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system'. According to this law, total energy of universe remains constant. Energy just gets converted from one form to another. For example, in case of burning of cracker, chemical energy stored in cracker is converted into heat, light and sound energy.

2nd Law of thermodynamics:
2nd law of thermodynamics deals with entropy change associated with system. It is stated as ' entropy of any isolated system always increases'. According to this law, the system tries to maximize entropy. System with higher entropy is more stable than system with lower entropy. For instance, at room temperature, ice melts into water, because water has higher entropy than ice. It may be noted that entropy is measure of disorder in system. Thus, higher the disorder in system, greater is the entropy.

3rd Law of thermodynamics:
3rd law of thermodynamics also deal with entropy change in system. According to this law, entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. This means that, as the temperature decreases, randomness in system decreases and finally at 0K, system is in highly order state, hence ideally system must have zero entropy. However, there is always some residual entropy present in system even at 0K, due structural orientation of molecules.

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Determine whether each of the molecules below is polar or nonpolar. Tetrahedral C C l 4 CClX4 Nonpolar Tetrahedral C H 3 O H CHX

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Answer:

CCl4 - Nonpolar

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NH3 - polar

CS2 - Nonpolar

Explanation:

One important thing that we should know is that polarity has to do with the presence of a resultant dipole moment in a molecule.

Dipole moment is a vector quantity, This means that its direction is also taken into account when discussing the dipole moment of molecules.

Hence, symmetrical molecules such as CS2 and CCl4 are non-polar even though they have polar bonds because their dipoles cancel out(zero resultant dipole moment).

On the other hand, NH3 and CH3OH are non-symmetrical molecules hence they possess an overall dipole moment and are polar molecules.

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3 years ago

How does carbon dioxide get into the atmosphere?

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Answer:

By condensation.

Explanation:

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For the reaction shown, identify the element oxidized, the element reduced, the oxidizing agent, and the reducing agent. KNO3 →

Vinvika [58]

Answer : The oxidizing element is N and reducing element is O.

$KNO_{3}$ is act as an oxidizing agent as well as reducing agent.

Explanation :

An Oxidizing agent is the agent which has ability to oxidize other or a higher in oxidation number.

Reducing agent is the agent which has ability to reduce other or lower in oxidation number.

The given reaction is :

$KNO_{3} \rightarrow KNO_{2} +O_{2}$

$KNO_{3}$ act as an oxidizing agent.

The oxidation number of N in $KNO_{3}$ is calculated as:

(+1)+(x)+3(-2) = 0

x = +5

And the oxidation number of N in $KNO_{2}$ is calculated as:

(+1)+(x)+2(-2) = 0

x = +3

From the oxidation number method, we conclude that the oxidation number reduced this means $KNO_{3}$ itself get reduced to $KNO_{2}$ and it can act as an oxidizing agent.

$KNO_{3}$ act as a reducing agent.

$KNO_{3} \rightarrow KNO_{2} +O_{2}$

The oxidation number of O in $KNO_{3}$ is calculated as:

(+1)+(+5)+3(x) = 0

x = -2

The oxidation number of O in $O_{2}$ is Zero (o).

Now, we conclude that the oxidation number increases this means $KNO_{3}$ itself get oxidized to $O_{2}$ and it can act as reducing agent.

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