Answer:
An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle and a proton is a positively charged subatomic particle. Positive charge(s) attract negative charge(s) and vice versa. The proton and neutron stay together and attract one another to give the atom an overall charge of zero (neutral). Which is the charge of an atom. When there is an unequal number of protons and neutrons an ion is formed. If the number of protons are more than the electron, a positively charged ion called cation is formed. On the other hand, if the number of electrons are more than the protons a negatively charged ion called anion is formed.
The three of them have the same amount of electrons, so we can’t determine the right one on that ground. As you might know, Pauli said that electrons are always in the position of the lowest energy. So the first situation is impossible because there is a free place available that takes less energy. Then the 3rd situation is nor possible because if one electron has a different spin than the others, there is a magnetic obstruction that be prevented if the spin changes. This means that the second situation is the right one.
Explanation:
It is known that the value of Avogadro's number is 
.
Therefore, calculate moles of gold atoms as follows.
Moles of gold atom = 
= 
= 
mol
= 1.99 mol
Thus, we can conclude that 1.99 mol of gold atoms are equivalent to 
atoms.
