Answer:
The pH of the buffer solution = 8.05
Explanation:
Using the Henderson - Hasselbalch equation;
pH = pKa₂ + log ( [HPO₄²-]/[H₂PO4⁻]
where pKa₂ = -log (Ka₂) = -log ( 6.1 * 10⁻⁸) = 7.21
Concentration of OH⁻ added = 0.069 M (i.e. 0.069 mol/L)
[H₂PO4⁻] after addition of OH⁻ = 0.165 - 0.069 = 0.096 M
[HPO₄²-] after addition of OH⁻ = 0.594 + 0.069 = 0.663 M
Therefore,
pH = 7.21 + log (0.663 / 0.096)
pH = 7.21 + 0.84
pH = 8.05
Answer:
The atomic number of Selenium is 34. This means that Selenium possesses 34 electrons.
The atomic number of Aluminium is 13. This means that Aluminium has 13 electrons.
Hence, there is a difference of 21 between the number of electrons in an atom of selenium and the number of electrons in an atom of aluminium.
Selenium has 6 electrons in it's outer most shell whereas aluminium has 3 electrons in its outer most shell. As a result, aluminium will have a greater tendency to lose one of its outer most electrons to become stable.
~ A mole is a unit of 6*10^23.
~One mole of carbon atoms has a mass of exactly 12 g.
~ Because magnesium atoms each have twice the mass of carbon atoms ( 24Mg compared with 12C), one mole of magnesium has a mass of 24 g.
~ Rather, one mole of any element has a mass in grams that is equal to its relative atomic mass.
Chemical Reactions
Chemical changes take place when molecules or elements interact with other elements or molecules to form new chemical compounds. In order for a reaction to take place between molecules and or atoms, these molecules must come into contact with each other.
An example of a chemical reaction can be shown by the reaction of ammonia with hydrogen chloride to form ammonium chloride. This reaction is usually shown by a shorthand method called a chemical equation. The chemical equation for this reaction is...
NH3 + HCl � NH4Cl
This equation does not clearly show what has happened. In order for these two molecules to react, the pair of electrons on nitrogen must collide with the hydrogen atom of the hydrogen chloride on the side exactly opposite of the chlorine atom.
This collision must not only be precise as to the angle of the collision, it must have enough energy to break the bond between the hydrogen atom and the chlorine atom and form a new bond between the hydrogen atom and the nitrogen atom. Energy is released when a bond is formed. If all of these requirements are met, a reaction occurs forming a new compound.

The rate of a chemical reaction depends on all of the above factors. The reaction rate is measured by the change in concentration of one of the reactants or products over a measured period of time.
If some reaction condition is changed, the reaction rate will be changed.
Reaction coordinate diagrams are used to visualize the energy changes in chemical reactions. Some initial energy must be applied to any reaction in order to get the reaction started. This energy is called the energy of activation Ea.
If a reaction releases more energy than it takes to keep it going, it is called an exothermic reaction.

If a reaction requires a constant application of energy to keep it going, it is called an endothermic reaction.

A catalyst is something that, when added to a chemicalreaction, will increase the reaction rate without undergoing a permanent change. Although it appears that only Ea is lowered for a catalyzed reaction, the actual reaction pathway must change due to the involvement of the catalyst with the reactants. The energy released for the reaction remains the same. Catalysts are used extensively in biochemical reactions in order to decrease the energy demands for the animal or plant.

Matter can neither be gained nor lost in a chemical reaction. The number and type of atoms in the reactants must exactly equal the number and types of atoms in the products. The arrangement of the atoms will be different because new compounds are formed. Therefore, we must balance chemical equations with respect to the numbers of all of the atoms that are involved in the reaction.
