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3 years ago

Characteristics of α, β, and γ rays

Chemistry

1 answer:

Allisa [31]3 years ago

7 0

Answer:

1. it is symbolized as 4/2 He : Alpha rays

2. it has the weakest penetrating power : Alpha rays

3. It is a high-speed electron : beta rays

4. It possesses neither mass nor charge : gamma rays

5. it has the strongest penetrating power : beta rays

6. its is symbolized as 0/-1e : beta rays

7. it is the most massive of all the components: alpha rays

Explanation:

Let us consider the characteristics of each of the given rays.

α rays: These are helium nucleus so are symbolized by $He^{4}_{2}$

Due to two protons and two neutrons unlike beta and gamma rays these are the most massive and thus have least penetrating power among the three given rays.

β rays: These are actually high speed electrons and are symbolized as $^{0}_{-1}e$ . Due to lesser mass than alpha rays they are more penetrating than them however less penetrating than gamma rays.

γ rays : They carry no charge or mass. Due to least massive among the three rays they have highest penetrating power.

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Consider the nitration by electrophilic aromatic substitution of salicylamide to iodosalicylamide. Reaction scheme illustrating

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<u>Answer:</u> The percent yield of the reaction is 68.68%.

<u>Explanation:</u>

To calculate the mass of salicylamide, we use the equation:

$\text{Density of substance}=\frac{\text{Mass of substance}}{\text{Volume of substance}}$

Density of salicylamide = 1.06 g/mL

Volume of salicylamide = 3.65 mL

Putting values in above equation, we get:

$1.06g/mL=\frac{\text{Mass of salicylamide}}{3.65mL}\\\\\text{Mass of salicylamide}=(1.06g/mL\times 3.65mL)=3.869g$

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

$\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}$ .....(1)

Given mass of salicylamide = 3.869 g

Molar mass of salicylamide = 137.14 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

$\text{Moles of salicylamide}=\frac{3.869g}{137.14g/mol}=0.0295mol$

The chemical equation for the conversion of salicylamide to iodo-salicylamide follows:

$\text{salicylamide }+NaI+NaOCl+EtOH\rightarrow \text{iodo-salicylamide }$

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

1 mole of salicylamide produces 1 mole of iodo-salicylamide

So, 0.0295 moles of salicylamide will produce = $\frac{1}{1}\times 0.0295=0.0295moles$ of iodo-salicylamide

Now, calculating the mass of iodo-salicylamide from equation 1, we get:

Molar mass of iodo-salicylamide = 263 g/mol

Moles of iodo-salicylamide = 0.0295 moles

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

$0.0295mol=\frac{\text{Mass of iodo-salicylamide}}{263g/mol}\\\\\text{Mass of iodo-salicylamide}=(0.0295mol\times 263g/mol)=7.76g$

To calculate the percentage yield of iodo-salicylamide, we use the equation:

$\%\text{ yield}=\frac{\text{Experimental yield}}{\text{Theoretical yield}}\times 100$

Experimental yield of iodo-salicylamide = 5.33 g

Theoretical yield of iodo-salicylamide = 7.76 g

Putting values in above equation, we get:

$\%\text{ yield of iodo-salicylamide}=\frac{5.33g}{7.76g}\times 100\\\\\% \text{yield of iodo-salicylamide}=68.68\%$

Hence, the percent yield of the reaction is 68.68%.

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