As light from a star races through our atmosphere, it bounces and bumps through the different layers, bending the light before you see it. Since the hot and cold layers of air keep moving, the bending of the light changes too, which causes the star's appearance to wobble or twinkle.
Answer:

Explanation:
From the question we are told that
Height of circular cylinder is 
Diameter of cylinder
Horizontal Force 

Generally the formula for shear modulus is mathematically represented by

Where







That's called an "acceleration" or "slowing down".
Answer:
After the firing occurs, both the cannon and cannonball have the same momentum (big mass, small velocity vs. small mass, big velocity). But since the momentum for each is moving in the opposite direction, the momentums cancel out, causing the cannon-cannonball system's momentum to equal zero.
Explanation: