Answer:
b is the answer
b.There is a great deal of loyalty to the offenders.
Explanation:
There is a a little change in the rate of substantiated child maltreatment in the past several years.
In 2017 it is remarkably lower than 1990.
It has been decrease to 9 per 1000 children from 13 to 1000.
Since 2000 the rate of physical, psychological, sexual or emotional abuse have decreased .
The maltreatment rates are higher in younger children than older age children.
In maltreatment rate, children of ages 16 to 17 are lower than the children ages 0 to 3.
The rate of maltreatment of smaller children is 3 times higher than bigger ones
